Daurisoline inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis, and enhances TRAIL sensitivity of breast cancer cells by upregulating DR5.

Daurisoline (DS) is an isoquinoline alkaloid that exerts anticancer activities in various cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanisms through which DS affects the survival of breast cancer cells remain poorly understood. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the potential anticancer effect of DS on breast cancer cells and reveal the mechanism underlying the enhanced tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis by DS. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay were used to evaluate the ability of cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was selected to examine the cell cycle distribution. TUNEL assay was used to detect the cell apoptosis. The protein expression was measured by Western blot analysis. DS was found to reduce the cell viability and suppress the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells by causing G1 phase cell cycle arrest. DS could trigger apoptosis by promoting the cleavage of caspase-8 and PARP. The phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38MAPK was upregulated clearly following DS treatment. Notably, SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) pretreatment significantly abrogated DS-induced PARP cleavage. DS inactivated Akt/mTOR and Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway and upregulated the expression of ER stress-related proteins. Additionally, DS amplified TRAIL-caused viability reduction and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Mechanismly, DS upregulated the protein level of DR4 and DR5, and knockdown of DR5 attenuated the cotreatment-induced cleavage of PARP. Inhibition of JNK could block DS-induced upregulation of DR5. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of DS inhibiting cell proliferation, triggering apoptosis, and enhancing TRAIL sensitivity of breast cancer cells.

Teaching effects of the online and offline flipped classroom model (FCM) in the post-epidemic era: Development and feasibility study.

With the rapid development of multimedia technology, the student centered flipped classroom model (FCM) and massive open online courses (MOOCs) have been increasingly introduced and implemented in higher medical education. However, comparative analyses of the offline face-to-face FCM and completely online FCM have been rarely reported. In this study, we focused specifically on a set of flipped classrooms in which prerecorded videos were provided before class. Using the Zhihuishu platform as the major online course platform, our team built a MOOC and evaluated the teaching effectiveness of the FCM in both the offline face-to-face class and the online electronic live class for medical genetics education. Questionnaires, paper-based and oral exams were used to collect data on the teaching effects of the different teaching methods. We found that student satisfaction and overall student performance in the offline FCM group was significantly higher than that in the completely online teaching group. Although online FCM allowed students to play back and review anywhere and anytime after class, students taught in offline FCM had a significantly higher degree of knowledge mastery, had a deeper understanding of theoretical knowledge, and were better at knowledge comprehensive application. The effects of their training on genetic disease clinical diagnosis and treatment skills were significantly better, and their capacity for scientific research was also significantly improved. Our research discussed the advantages of the online courses and the problems brought about by using these technologies, and it provided insight into online teaching practices in the era of internet-based medical education.

6-Methoxydihydrosanguinarine exhibits cytotoxicity and sensitizes TRAIL-induced apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through ROS-mediated upregulation of DR5.

6-methoxydihydrosanguinarine (6-MS), a natural benzophenanthridine alkaloid extracted from Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br, has shown to trigger apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. However, the exact mechanisms involved have not yet been clarified. The current study reveals the underlying mechanisms of 6-MS-induced cytotoxicity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and investigates whether 6-MS sensitizes TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis. 6-MS was shown to suppress cell proliferation and trigger cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, and apoptosis in HCC cells. Mechanisms analysis indicated that 6-MS promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, JNK activation, and inhibits EGFR/Akt signaling pathway. DNA damage and apoptosis induced by 6-MS were reversed following N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) treatment. The enhancement of PARP cleavage caused by 6-MS was abrogated by pretreatment with JNK inhibitor SP600125. Furthermore, 6-MS enhanced TRAIL-mediated HCC cells apoptosis by upregulating the cell surface receptor DR5 expression. Pretreatment with NAC attenuated 6-MS-upregulated DR5 protein expression and alleviated cotreatment-induced viability reduction, cleavage of caspase-8, caspase-9, and PARP. Overall, our results suggest that 6-MS exerts cytotoxicity by modulating ROS generation, EGFR/Akt signaling, and JNK activation in HCC cells. 6-MS potentiates TRAIL-induced apoptosis through upregulation of DR5 via ROS generation. The combination of 6-MS with TRAIL may be a promising strategy and warrants further investigation.

Scutebarbatine A induces ROS-mediated DNA damage and apoptosis in breast cancer cells by modulating MAPK and EGFR/Akt signaling pathway.

Scutebarbatine A (SBT-A), a diterpenoid alkaloid, has exerted cytotoxicity on hepatocellular carcinoma cells in our previous works. Here, the antitumor activity of SBT-A in breast cancer cells and the underlying mechanism were explored. The anti-proliferative effect of SBT-A was measured by trypan blue staining, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation and colony formation assay. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) were evaluated by observing the nuclear focus formation of γ-H2AX. Cell cycle distribution was assessed by flow cytometry. Apoptosis was determined by a TUNEL assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and superoxide production were measured with 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and dihydroethidium (DHE) staining, respectively. The results indicated that SBT-A showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect against breast cancer cells while revealing less toxicity toward MCF-10A breast epithelial cells. Moreover, SBT-A remarkably induced DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. SBT-A treatment increased the levels of ROS and cytosolic superoxide production. Pretreatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, was sufficient to block viability reduction, DNA damage, apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress caused by SBT-A. By exposure to SBT-A, the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) was upregulated, while the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was downregulated. In addition, SBT-A inhibited the EGFR signaling pathway by decreasing EGFR expression and phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K. As mentioned above, SBT-A has a potent inhibitory effect on breast cancer cells through induction of DNA damage, apoptosis and ER stress via ROS generation and modulation of MAPK and EGFR/Akt signaling pathway.

Development and Validation of Nomograms Predicting the 5- and 8-Year Overall and Cancer-Specific Survival of Bladder Cancer Patients Based on SEER Program.

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer is often prone to recurrence and metastasis. We sought to construct nomogram models to predict the overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of bladder cancer patients. METHODS: A reliable random split-sample approach was used to divide patients into two groups: modeling and validation cohorts. Uni-variate and multivariate survival analyses were used to obtain the independent prognostic risk factors based on the modeling cohort. A nomogram was constructed using the R package, "rms". Harrell's concordance index (C-index), calibration curves and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were applied to evaluate the discrimination, sensitivity and specificity of the nomograms using the R packages "hmisc", "rms" and "timeROC". A decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to evaluate the clinical value of the nomograms via R package "stdca.R". RESULTS: 10,478 and 10,379 patients were assigned into nomogram modeling and validation cohorts, respectively (split ratio ≈ 1:1). For OS and CSS, the C-index values for internal validation were 0.738 and 0.780, respectively, and the C-index values for external validation were 0.739 and 0.784, respectively. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) values for 5- and 8-year OS and CSS were all greater than 0.7. The calibration curves show that the predicted probability values of 5- and 8-year OS and CSS are close to the actual OS and CSS. The decision curve analysis revealed that the two nomograms have a positive clinical benefit. CONCLUSION: We successfully constructed two nomograms to forecast OS and CSS for bladder cancer patients. This information can help clinicians conduct prognostic evaluations in an individualized manner and tailor personalized treatment plans.

A combination vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and H1N1 influenza based on receptor binding domain trimerized by six-helix bundle fusion core.

BACKGROUND: Increasing severe morbidity and mortality by simultaneous or sequential infections with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A viruses (IAV), especially in the elderly and obese patients, highlight the urgency of developing a combination vaccine against COVID-19 and influenza. METHODS: Self-assembling SARS-CoV-2 RBD-trimer and Influenza H1N1 HA1-trimer antigens were constructed, upon the stable fusion core in post-fusion conformation. Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-trimer vaccine and H1N1 HA1-trimer antigens candidates were evaluated in mice. Protection efficacy of a combination vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 and IAV challenge was identified using the K18-hACE2 mouse model. FINDINGS: Both the resultant RBD-trimer for SARS-CoV-2 and HA1-trimer for H1N1 influenza fully exposed receptor-binding motifs (RBM) or receptor-binding site (RBS). Two-dose RBD-trimer induced significantly higher binding and neutralizing antibody titers, and also a strong Th1/Th2 balanced cellular immune response in mice. Similarly, the HA1-trimer vaccine was confirmed to exhibit potent immunogenicity in mice. A combination vaccine candidate, composed of RBD-trimer and HA1-trimer, afforded high protection efficacy in mouse models against stringent lethal SARS-CoV-2 and homogenous H1N1 influenza co-infection, characterized by 100% survival rate. INTERPRETATION: Our results represent a proof of concept for a combined vaccine candidate based on trimerized receptor binding domain against co-epidemics of COVID-19 and influenza. FUNDING: This project was funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS (XDB29040201), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81830050, 81901680, and 32070569) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M703450).

Licochalcone B induces DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and enhances TRAIL sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly fatal disease recognized as a growing global health crisis. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines have been used to treat patients with cancer for many years in China. This study investigated the effects of licochalcone B (LCB), a flavonoid compound isolated from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., on cell proliferation, DNA damage and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis in HCC cells. Our results showed that LCB inhibited cell proliferation and induced DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Treatment with LCB significantly inhibited the Akt/mTOR pathway and activated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Moreover, combined treatment with LCB and TRAIL yielded evident enhancements in the viability reduction and apoptosis. LCB upregulated death receptor 4 (DR4) and death receptor 5 (DR5) protein in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The knockdown of DR5 significantly suppressed TRAIL-induced cleavage of PARP, which was enhanced by LCB. Treatment with an extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor (PD98059) or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor (SP600125) markedly reduced the LCB-induced upregulation of DR5 expression and attenuated LCB-mediated TRAIL sensitization. In summary, LCB exhibits cytotoxic activity through modulation of the Akt/mTOR, ER stress and MAPK pathways in HCC cells and effectively enhances TRAIL sensitivity through the upregulation of DR5 expression in ERK- and JNK-dependent manner. Combination therapy with LCB and TRAIL may be an alternative treatment strategy for HCC.

Nickel-Catalyzed, Manganese-Assisted Denitrogenative Cross-Electrophile-Coupling of Benzotriazinones with Alkyl Halides for ortho-Alkylated Benzamides.

A nickel-catalyzed denitrogenative cross-electrophile-coupling of benzotriazinones with unactivated alkyl halides (X = Cl, Br, I) in the presence of manganese powder as a reductant has been developed. The reaction furnishes ortho-alkylated secondary benzamides in modest to good yields under mild conditions. The scope of the reaction is demonstrated with 25 examples, showing good tolerance of steric hindrance and common functional groups, thus providing an efficient protocol to ortho-alkylated benzamide derivatives without the use of preprepared organometallic reagents.

Nomogram predicting long-term overall and cancer-specific survival of patients with buccal mucosa cancer.

BACKGROUND: Few models about the personalized prognosis evaluation of buccal mucosa cancer (BMC) patients were reported. We aimed to establish predictive models to forecast the prognosis of BMC patients. METHODS: The complete clinicopathological information of BMC patients from the surveillance, epidemiology and end results program was collected and reviewed retrospectively. Two nomograms were established and validated to predict long-term overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of BMC patients based on multivariate Cox regression survival analysis. RESULTS: 1155 patients were included. 693 and 462 patients were distributed into modeling and validation groups with 6:4 split-ratio via a random split-sample method. Based on the survival analysis, independent prognostic risk factors (variables that can be used to estimate disease recovery and relapse chance) influencing OS and CSS were obtained to establish nomograms. Then, we divided the modeling group into high- and low-risk cohorts. The low-risk cohort had improved OS and CSS compared to the high-risk cohort, which was statistically significant after the Log-rank test (p < 0.05). Furthermore, we used the concordance index (C-index), calibration curve to validate the nomograms, showing high accuracy. The decision curve analyses (DCA) revealed that the nomograms had evident clinical value. CONCLUSIONS: We constructed two credible nomogram models, which would give the surgeons reference to provide an individualized assessment of BMC patients.

Fabrication and Characterization of PCL/HA Filament as a 3D Printing Material Using Thermal Extrusion Technology for Bone Tissue Engineering.

The most common three-dimensional (3D) printing method is material extrusion, where a pre-made filament is deposited layer-by-layer. In recent years, low-cost polycaprolactone (PCL) material has increasingly been used in 3D printing, exhibiting a sufficiently high quality for consideration in cranio-maxillofacial reconstructions. To increase osteoconductivity, prefabricated filaments for bone repair based on PCL can be supplemented with hydroxyapatite (HA). However, few reports on PCL/HA composite filaments for material extrusion applications have been documented. In this study, solvent-free fabrication for PCL/HA composite filaments (HA 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% weight/weight PCL) was addressed, and parameters for scaffold fabrication in a desktop 3D printer were confirmed. Filaments and scaffold fabrication temperatures rose with increased HA content. The pore size and porosity of the six groups' scaffolds were similar to each other, and all had highly interconnected structures. Six groups' scaffolds were evaluated by measuring the compressive strength, elastic modulus, water contact angle, and morphology. A higher amount of HA increased surface roughness and hydrophilicity compared to PCL scaffolds. The increase in HA content improved the compressive strength and elastic modulus. The obtained data provide the basis for the biological evaluation and future clinical applications of PCL/HA material.

Etesevimab in combination with JS026 neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.

The neutralizing antibody is a potential therapeutic for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. As an antiviral agent, numerous mAbs recognize the epitopes that overlap with ACE2-binding sites in the SARS-CoV-2-RBD. Some studies have shown that residual changes on the spike protein can significantly decrease the efficiency of neutralizing antibodies. To address this issue, a therapeutic cocktail could be an effective countermeasure. In the present study, we isolated a fully human neutralizing antibody, JS026, from a convalescent patient. The comparative analysis revealed that JS026 binding to SARS-CoV-2-RBD mainly located between epitopes for class 2 and class 3 mAbs as opposed to that of class 1 (etesevimab) antibodies. A cocktail of etesevimab and JS026 increased neutralizing efficacy against both wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and the recent emergence of Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants. JS026 and the cocktail reduced virus titers in the infected lungs of hACE2 transgenic mice and relieved pathological changes. These findings would benefit antibody-based therapeutic countermeasures in the treatment of COVID-19.

A broadly neutralizing humanized ACE2-targeting antibody against SARS-CoV-2 variants.

The successive emergences and accelerating spread of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineages and evolved resistance to some ongoing clinical therapeutics increase the risks associated with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. An urgent intervention for broadly effective therapies to limit the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 and future transmission events from SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) is needed. Here, we isolate and humanize an angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2)-blocking monoclonal antibody (MAb), named h11B11, which exhibits potent inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV and circulating global SARS-CoV-2 lineages. When administered therapeutically or prophylactically in the hACE2 mouse model, h11B11 alleviates and prevents SARS-CoV-2 replication and virus-induced pathological syndromes. No significant changes in blood pressure and hematology chemistry toxicology were observed after injections of multiple high dosages of h11B11 in cynomolgus monkeys. Analysis of the structures of the h11B11/ACE2 and receptor-binding domain (RBD)/ACE2 complexes shows hindrance and epitope competition of the MAb and RBD for the receptor. Together, these results suggest h11B11 as a potential therapeutic countermeasure against SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and escape variants.

Knockdown of LncRNA PANDAR by CRISPR-dCas9 Decreases Proliferation and Increases Apoptosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant epithelial tumor in the oral cavity. Emerging evidence has demonstrated the important function roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in human cancers. LncRNA promoter of CDKN1A antisense DNA damage activated RNA (PANDAR) functions as an oncogene in multiple carcinomas, whereas its function in OSCC has not been investigated yet. The aim of our study is to investigate the possible regulatory mechanism of PANDAR in OSCC. First of all, PANDAR was highly expressed in OSCC cells and loss-of-function assays mediated by CRISPR-dCas9 observed that PANDAR silencing restrained cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis. Then we found and confirmed the interaction between PANDAR and serine and arginine rich splicing factor 7 (SRSF7). Subsequently, serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-1 (PIM1) was proved to be regulated by PANDAR in SRSF7-dependant way. Rescue experiments validated that PANDAR modulated the proliferation and apoptosis in OSCC through PIM1. In conclusion, PANDAR bound with SRSF7 to increase PIM1 expression, hence promoting the development of OSCC. These data shed new lights into the seeking for effective diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for OSCC patients.

Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant tandem-repeat dimeric RBD-based protein subunit vaccine (ZF2001) against COVID-19 in adults: two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and 2 trials.

BACKGROUND: Although several COVID-19 vaccines have been developed so far, they will not be sufficient to meet the global demand. Development of a wider range of vaccines, with different mechanisms of action, could help control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 globally. We developed a protein subunit vaccine against COVID-19 using a dimeric form of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as the antigen. We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine, ZF2001, and determine the appropriate dose and schedule for an efficacy study. METHODS: We did two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and phase 2 trials. Phase 1 was done at two university hospitals in Chongqing and Beijing, China, and phase 2 was done at the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Xiangtan, China. Healthy adults aged 18-59 years, without a history of SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 infection, an RT-PCR-positive test result for SARS-CoV-2, a history of contact with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 cases, and severe allergies to any component of the vaccine were eligible for enrolment. In phase 1, participants were randomly assigned (2:2:1) to receive three doses of the vaccine (25 µg or 50 µg) or placebo intramuscularly, 30 days apart. In phase 2, participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1:1:1) to receive the vaccine (25 µg or 50 µg) or placebo intramuscularly, 30 days apart, in either a two-dose schedule or a three-dose schedule. Investigators, participants, and the laboratory team were masked to group allocation. For phase 1, the primary outcome was safety, measured by the occurrence of adverse events and serious adverse events. For phase 2, the primary outcome was safety and immunogenicity (the seroconversion rate and the magnitude, in geometric mean titres [GMTs], of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising antibodies). Analyses were done on an intention-to-treat and per-protocol basis. These trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04445194 and NCT04466085) and participant follow-up is ongoing. FINDINGS: Between June 22 and July 3, 2020, 50 participants were enrolled into the phase 1 trial and randomly assigned to receive three doses of placebo (n=10), the 25 µg vaccine (n=20), or the 50 µg vaccine (n=20). The mean age of participants was 32·6 (SD 9·4) years. Between July 12 and July 17, 2020, 900 participants were enrolled into the phase 2 trial and randomly assigned to receive two doses of placebo (n=150), 25 µg vaccine (n=150), or 50 µg vaccine (n=150), or three doses of placebo (n=150), 25 µg vaccine (n=150), or 50 µg vaccine (n=150). The mean age of participants was 43·5 (SD 9·2) years. In both phase 1 and phase 2, adverse events reported within 30 days after vaccination were mild or moderate (grade 1 or 2) in most cases (phase 1: six [60%] of ten participants in the placebo group, 14 [70%] of 20 in the 25 µg group, and 18 [90%] of 20 in the 50 µg group; phase 2: 37 [25%] of 150 in the two-dose placebo group, 43 [29%] of 150 in the two-dose 25 µg group, 50 [33%] of 150 in the two-dose 50 µg group, 47 [31%] of 150 in the three-dose placebo group, 72 [48%] of 150 in the three-dose 25 µg group, and 65 [43%] of 150 in the three-dose 50 µg group). In phase 1, two (10%) grade 3 or worse adverse events were reported in the 50 µg group. In phase 2, grade 3 or worse adverse events were reported by 18 participants (four [3%] in the two-dose 25 µg vaccine group, two [1%] in the two-dose 50 µg vaccine group, two [1%] in the three-dose placebo group, four [3%] in the three-dose 25 µg vaccine group, and six [4%] in the three-dose 50 µg vaccine group), and 11 were considered vaccine related (two [1%] in the two-dose 25 µg vaccine group, one [1%] in the two-dose 50 µg vaccine group, one [1%] in the three-dose placebo group, two [1%] in the three-dose 25 µg vaccine group, and five [3%] in the three-dose 50 µg vaccine group); seven participants reported serious adverse events (one [1%] in the two-dose 25 µg vaccine group, one [1%] in the two-dose 50 µg vaccine group, two [1%] in the three-dose placebo group, one [1%] in the three-dose 25 µg vaccine group, and two [1%] in the three-dose 50 µg vaccine group), but none was considered vaccine related. In phase 2, on the two-dose schedule, seroconversion rates of neutralising antibodies 14 days after the second dose were 76% (114 of 150 participants) in the 25 µg group and 72% (108 of 150) in the 50 µg group; on the three-dose schedule, seroconversion rates of neutralising antibodies 14 days after the third dose were 97% (143 of 148 participants) in the 25 µg group and 93% (138 of 148) in the 50 µg group. In the two-dose groups in phase 2, the SARS-CoV-2-neutralising GMTs 14 days after the second dose were 17·7 (95% CI 13·6-23·1) in the 25 µg group and 14·1 (10·8-18·3) in the 50 µg group. In the three-dose groups in phase 2, the SARS-CoV-2-neutralising GMTs 14 days after the third dose were 102·5 (95% CI 81·8-128·5) in the 25 µg group and 69·1 (53·0-90·0) in the 50 µg group. INTERPRETATION: The protein subunit vaccine ZF2001 appears to be well tolerated and immunogenic. The safety and immunogenicity data from the phase 1 and 2 trials support the use of the 25 µg dose in a three-dose schedule in an ongoing phase 3 trial for large-scale evaluation of ZF2001's safety and efficacy. FUNDING: National Program on Key Research Project of China, National Science and Technology Major Projects of Drug Discovery, Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical. TRANSLATION: For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

A single-dose mRNA vaccine provides a long-term protection for hACE2 transgenic mice from SARS-CoV-2.

The rapid expansion of the COVID-19 pandemic has made the development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine a global health and economic priority. Taking advantage of versatility and rapid development, three SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidates have entered clinical trials with a two-dose immunization regimen. However, the waning antibody response in convalescent patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the emergence of human re-infection have raised widespread concerns about a possible short duration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protection. Here, we developed a nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine in lipid-encapsulated form that encoded the SARS-CoV-2 RBD, termed as mRNA-RBD. A single immunization of mRNA-RBD elicited both robust neutralizing antibody and cellular responses, and conferred a near-complete protection against wild SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lungs of hACE2 transgenic mice. Noticeably, the high levels of neutralizing antibodies in BALB/c mice induced by mRNA-RBD vaccination were maintained for at least 6.5 months and conferred a long-term notable protection for hACE2 transgenic mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a sera transfer study. These data demonstrated that a single dose of mRNA-RBD provided long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge.

Applying nomograms based on the surveillance, epidemiology and end results database to predict long-term overall survival and cancer-specific survival in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas: A case-control research.

Few models regarding to the individualized prognosis assessment of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) patients were documented. The purpose of this study was to establish nomogram model to predict the long-term overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of OPSCC patients. The detailed clinical data for the 10,980 OPSCC patients were collected from the surveillance, epidemiology and end results (SEER) database. Furthermore, we applied a popular and reasonable random split-sample method to divide the total 10,980 patients into 2 groups, including 9881 (90%) patients in the modeling cohort and 1099 (10%) patients in the external validation cohort. Among the modeling cohort, 3084 (31.2%) patients were deceased at the last follow-up date. Of those patients, 2188 (22.1%) patients died due to OPSCC. In addition, 896 (9.1%) patients died due to other causes. The median follow-up period was 45 months (1-119 months). We developed 2 nomograms to predict 5- and 8- year OS and CSS using Cox Proportional Hazards model. The nomograms' accuracy was evaluated through the concordance index (C-index) and calibration curves by internal and external validation. The C-indexes of internal validation on the 5- and 8-year OS and CSS were 0.742 and 0.765, respectively. Moreover, the C-indexes of external validation were 0.740 and 0.759, accordingly. Based on a retrospective cohort from the SEER database, we succeeded in constructing 2 nomograms to predict long-term OS and CSS for OPSCC patients, which provides reference for surgeons to develop a treatment plan and individual prognostic evaluations.